Cost: This procedure should take from 2 to 3 hours depending on mechanical experience. Brake pads and rotors together cost approximately $90.

Replacing the brake pads and rotors requires the following tools:

ü  New rotors and pads matching the used parts

ü  Jack and a Jack stand

ü  Wrench kit (including 18mm and 10 mm wrenches)

ü  Flat head screwdriver/Hammer

ü  Channel lock or a C-clamp

ü  Bungee cord or string

ü  Brake cleaner

ü  Brake Grease/lubricant

ü  BG Stop Squeal chemical

ü  Light grade sandpaper

ü  Lug nut wrench

ü  Workbench

Follow this procedure for an ideal brake replacement:

Part I: Removing the rotor and brake pads

1. Find a spot where the ground is completely level. Place your vehicle in park and ensure the parking brake is set.
2. Consult your vehicle’s manual for the proper jacking points at which the jack will be applied. It will commonly be a foot and a half or so behind the wheel.
3. Loosen the lug nuts before jacking your vehicle off of the ground.
4. Lift the vehicle slowly to make sure the jack is in a safe position before twisting the handle in a clockwise motion until the tire leaves the ground.
5. Place a jack stand underneath the vehicle’s axle for added safety in the event the jack breaks.
6. Remove the lug nuts from the wheel. It is now safe to remove the tire.
7. Locate the brake caliper on top of the wheel hub where the tire was placed.
8. Remove the caliper slide bolts using a 10mm wrench located on the backside of the caliper and set them aside.
9. Tie a string or a bungee cord underneath the vehicle in a firm knot.

10. Hang the brake caliper on this, preferably out of the way of your workspace.

11. The brake pad holder is visible in the space where the caliper was removed.

12. Remove the brake pad holder with an 18 mm wrench and place it aside on your workbench.

13. Now the rotor is ready to be removed from the hub. Depending on rust build up, the rotor may have to be pried off using a hammer or a flat head screwdriver. Applying lubricant or penetration oil will help if needed.

Part II: Preparing new parts

14. Verify that the new rotors and brake pads match the uninstalled versions. Measure both the rotor diameter and height.

15. Apply BG Stop Squeal to the inside half of the new brake pads. Let these soak and dry for about 15 to 20 minutes.

16. Clean the factory protective coating off of the new rotors with the brake cleaner.

17. Sand the caliper bolts you removed in step 8 to clean it of any rust or dirt build up.

18. Apply a small amount of brake lubricant to the caliper bolts to provide free movement of the brakes.

19. Make sure that the points on the brake pad holder where the brake pads slide are free of rust and dirt (use sandpaper) and apply a small amount of brake lubricant here as well.

Part III: Retracting the caliper pistons

20. Slightly loosen the bleeder nut, which is located on the upper right hand side of the caliper.

21. Place an old brake pad against the two pistons inside of the brake caliper and clamp them together using a pair of channel locks.

22. Squeeze the pistons back inside the caliper while opening the brake fluid bleeder, being cautious of letting excess dirt or air flow inside the brake fluid line by applying constant pressure to the channel locks.

23. Be sure to tighten the bleeder nut back on while fluid is flowing to avoid getting air in your brakes.

24. Sand any extra rust off of your hub to prepare the rotor for installation.

Part IV: Installing new rotor and pads

25. Slide the rotor on and install one lug nut for safety.

26. On your workbench slide the pads into the brake pad holder one by one with the padded sides facing each other.

27. Make sure that the pads move freely along the holder.

28. Install the remaining lug nuts and tighten them.

29. Install the holder on to the side of the rotor where the apparent holes line up using the bolts removed in step 12.

30. Consult a reference manual for torque specs to allow for proper tightness.

31. Carefully apply a small amount of brake lubricant to the backs of the brake pads.

Part V: Reinstall caliper

32. Replace the caliper to the top of the brake holder and slide the caliper pins in once the holes are lined up.

33. Tighten the pins.

34. Replace your tire and install the lug nuts until they are finger tight.

35. Remove the jack stand and lower the vehicle completely.

36. Repeat these steps for the other tire.

37. Upon closure of installing rotors and pads on both wheels, tighten all of the lug nuts firmly.

38. Test your brakes by driving in an empty parking lot and slamming on your brakes. If you experience problems you should consult a mechanic.

Feel free to contact me regarding any questions that may arise during this process.

Ian Bolton: 336-793-5173

Ian Bolton

Swine Flu Kills Sometimes

Pandemics

The swine flu is a virus that has been encountered before in the USA, and the result of it was fairly horrid. In 1918 50 to 100 million people died upon the rise if swine flu. This is a shocking statistic until it is researched. Apparently the majority of the people who died during this epidemic were ill because of a reaction to the flu vaccine issued by the government to 25% of the population. The ratio of people dying because of the vaccination vs. the actual flu was 25:1. The technology and teachings in these days is obviously a key factor in these deaths, but the fact of the matter is we as Americans still don’t really know how to protect our selves from this virus. There isn’t even a vaccine available in the student health center at Appalachian yet and it is October 1^st.

This data leads me to believe that we are just as susceptible to contracting this virus on a large scale despite what medical advances are being made to prevent this type of pandemic to break out again on a large scale as it did in 1918 and 1976. We know now to wash our hands regularly yet we still have bathrooms allowing us to re-acquire new germs by having a pull handle on the inside of the door! The society today just doesn’t believe something drastic can happen because it hasn’t happened in such a long time. Then again, we do have new technologies such as hand sanitizing soap, which is convenient and effective. The issue is getting this product out there and in full force. We need to have dispensers installed more frequently on campus to prevent germ spreading. Honestly no one wants to take that extra time to go and wash their hands during their daily activities. I am in the habit of doing so having worked in the restaurant industry, however I believe most people are simply apathetic when it comes to the spread of germs.

In the near future, I believe that to decrease the spread of this virus we as a country are going to have to innovate new methods of awareness of the swine flu consequences as well as technology for a new vaccination for this H1N1 virus.

Microevolution is small changes in a species over a short period of time. Like the white moths that changed to black through natural selection during the industrial revolution when black soot covered the tree population which the moths lived on. Birds ate the moths that stood out and the other color moths survived.

Macroevolution- changes in organisms over very long periods!

Carolus Linnaeus species def.- all examples of creatures that were alike in every minute detail of body structure.

Enst Mayr- species are a group that can only breed among themselves.

Speciation is tough to define. Some organisms can interbreed in captivity but not in the wild.

Speciation

Allopatric- geologic event or structure separates two species (earthquakes volcanoes)

-no contact between populations

Parapatric- occurs at boundaries between populations as they enter a new habitat.

-populations share a border area Sympatric Speciation= populations diverge while in same area

-continuous contact between populations

Reproductive isolation- one part of population can no longer reproduce with other part

Prezygotic barriers-before zygotic formation

• habitat isolation
• temporal isolation
• behavioral isolation
• mechanical isolation
• genetic isolation

Postzygotic barriers-after zygotic formation

• hybrid inviability
• hybrid infertility

Human role in extinction– killing of many passenger pigeons in early 1800′s

– hawaiian birds killed by new snake populations that were brought in on boats

Ch 15

fossil- evidence of any organism that lived 10000 years ago

What’s the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures— similarities in structures that reflect common ancestry

Analogous structures— superficially similar structures that evolved independently

Make sure you understand the differences between the methods of fossil formation (impression, cast, petrification…)

impression- buried remains pressed against soft sediment–plants, footprints, athropods

cast -dies and sinks into soft sediment and then eventually the spot fills with mud.. ya know

petrification- water w minerals sinks in to organism and replaces tissue — eventually hardens

You should know some of the impediments to fossilization…things that make it unlikely that the remains of an organism will be preserved.

-erosion-location-mountain habitats-soft animals
What is the Law of Superposition?  What famous place in the western U.S. is a good example?

If you are given the half-life for the radioactive isotope C-14 used in dating a fossil along with the percent of the isotope remaining in the specimen, be able to determine the age of the fossil.

What is a vestigial structure?  Know an example in humans.

Vestigal structure– human appendix, ear muscles, skin hair erection muscles

Why is there such a diverse assemblage of marsupials in Australia, but no longer in South America?  What advantage did the placental mammals have over marsupials? Placental mammals could reproduce faster and didn’t have to care for their young as long as the marsupials did. The reason the marsupials still are dominant in Australia is because that continent never rejoined with another piece of land.

What is the purpose for the field of systematics?  What is taxonomy?  Phylogenetics?

systematics- attempts to organize life’s diversity in a way that sheds light on their evolutionary history

—2 sub divisions—Taxonomy-describing and naming species

———————–Phylogenics– explaining evolutionary relationships

Im Ian and i go to appalachian state. I have been taking weight training class and i can now dunk with one hand, which is the greatest feeling you’ll ever experience. Through doing the following workouts and plyometric training, within two weeks i was dunking for the first time in my life!

• 3×10 Dumbbell Lunge
• 3×10 Back Squat
• 3×10 Leg Press
• 3×10 Calf Raises
• Squat Jump
• Tuck Jumps

The Squat jump is one of the more common exercises that focus’ on explosive muscle strength. The squat jump will literally double your lower body strength.

Squat Jump article

http://www.ehow.com/how_2307087_do-squat-jump-exercise.html

Knee Tuck  Jump Demonstration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2yH1vixV4g

Ian Bolton